For well over a century, political theorists and revolutionaries have argued that non-state actors can benefit from provoking a draconian government response to security threats. Researchers in the field of terrorism studies have described this as a “strategy of provocation”, in which a group will use terrorist attacks to provoke a government into overreacting, often in counterproductive ways—like ignoring collateral damage or human rights in their efforts to diminish the threat of future terrorist attacks. In doing so, a government overreacting to terrorism can—in theory—discredit itself and encourage more citizens to support or join the terrorist group. As Van Dongen observes, “overly repressive countermeasures can fan the flame of a terrorist threat” (p. 167).