An electronic publication of the MULTILATERALS PROJECT, The Fletcher School, Tufts University
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                                PART IX
                    ENCLOSED OR SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS

                              Article 122
                              Definition

For the purposes of this Convention, "enclosed or semi-enclosed sea" means
a gulf, basin or sea surrounded by two or more States and connected to
another sea or the ocean by a narrow outlet or consisting entirely or
primarily of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of two or
more coastal States.

                              Article 123
              Co-operation of States bordering enclosed
                         or semi-enclosed seas

States bordering an enclosed or semi-enclosed sea should co-operate with
each other in the exercise of their rights and in the performance of their
duties under this Convention. To this end they shall endeavour, directly or
through an appropriate regional organization:

 (a) to co-ordinate the management, conservation, exploration and
     exploitation of the living resources of the sea;
 (b) to co-ordinate the implementation of their rights and duties with
     respect to the protection and preservation of the marine environment;
 (c) to co-ordinate their scientific research policies and undertake where
     appropriate joint programmes of scientific research in the area;
 (d) to invite, as appropriate, other interested States or international
     organizations to co-operate with them in furtherance of the
     provisions of this article.